Suchergebnisse

Beginning at the end of the 18th century, the emergence of hospital medicine and, half a century later, the development of experimental medicine and health statistics, transformed the way medicine was taught. This new training model prioritized the "clinical view", to the detriment of the view on the social environment where professional practice was undertaken. Despite this subordination, on an international scale, social medicine and other social and health sciences continued to be important subjects in the medical curriculum. However, in Spain the presence of social and health sciences was scant. In this article, focused mainly on the early Franco regime, we intend to clarify the roots and reasons for this marginalization, such as the legal and administrative "regulations" of the Spanish university; academic and corporate resistance to incorporating interdisciplinary approaches; and a political and ideological context that delayed, until the Spanish Transition, the evolution of Spanish health towards the concept of "public health". To do this, we have divided the article into two parts. The first follows the evolution of medical training from the middle of the 19th century to 1938, while the second describes and analyses the reforms of medical curricula made between 1938 and 1959. ; Desde finales del siglo XVIII, la eclosión de una medicina hospitalaria y, medio siglo después, el desarrollo de la medicina experimental y de la estadística sanitaria transformaron la manera de enseñar la medicina. Este nuevo modelo de formación privilegió la «mirada clínica» en detrimento de la mirada sobre el medio social dónde se ejercía la práctica profesional. A pesar de esta subordinación, a escala internacional, la medicina social y las demás ciencias sociosanitarias continuaron siendo materias importantes en el currículum médico. En España, sin embargo, la presencia de ciencias sociosanitarias en las facultades de medicina fue muy escasa. En este artículo, centrado sobre todo en el primer franquismo, pretendemos esclarecer las raíces y las razones de esta marginalidad, tales como el reglamentismo» legal y administrativo de la universidad española; las resistencias académicas y corporativas a incorporar enfoques interdisciplinares; y un contexto político e ideológico que retrasó, hasta la Transición democrática, la evolución de la sanidad española hacia el concepto de «salud pública». Para ello dividimos el artículo en dos partes. En una primera se repasa la evolución de la formación médica desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta 1938, mientras que en la segunda se describen y analizan las principales reformas de los planes de estudio de medicina realizadas entre 1938 y 1959.

orcid.org/0000-0003-0870-3512. Deapartamento de Salud Pública, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecología. Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche. quique@umh.es orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-364X. Medical Anthropology Research Center. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona. josepmaria.comelles@urv.cat ; This paper analyses the discourses that addressed healthcare reform projects discussed in Spain during the 1970s, before the death of the dictator General Franco, and up to the declaration of healthcare as a right in the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The Spanish health system, which developed from the Compulsory Sickness Insurance launched in 1944, focused only on disease and made no provision for preventive activities. This shortcoming was one of the main aspects that required reform in the 1970s. We analyse the characteristics of the proposals to replace a treatment-centred health system with a new one based on a more holistic view and the defence of health. To contextualise these proposals, we review the development of the Francoist health system and regulations and plans that attempted to reform it before the death of Franco. The most interesting Spanish health system reform projects were written at the end of Francoism and the beginning of the Democratic Transition and were mainly drafted by medical doctors committed to the illegal left-wing parties. All shared the aim of universal healthcare financed by the State and the goal of placing the protection of health at the core of the health system by integrating preventive medicine and healthcare. Some proposals encouraged the study of social determinants of health and disease and emphasised the role of health education. Others were more concerned with the re-organisation of healthcare through planning and decentralisation, retaining the hospital for the treatment of diseases as the main goal. ; Project «Healthcare reform and promotion of health during the late Franco regime and the democratic transition: new cultures of health, sickness and care» funded by the Ministerio ...

This paper analyses the discourses that addressed healthcare reform projects discussed in Spain during the 1970s, before the death of the dictator General Franco, and up to the declaration of healthcare as a right in the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The Spanish health system, which developed from the Compulsory Sickness Insurance launched in 1944, focused only on disease and made no provision for preventive activities. This shortcoming was one of the main aspects that required reform in the 1970s. We analyse the characteristics of the proposals to replace a treatment-centred health system with a new one based on a more holistic view and the defence of health. To contextualise these proposals, we review the development of the Francoist health system and regulations and plans that attempted to reform it before the death of Franco. The most interesting Spanish health system reform projects were written at the end of Francoism and the beginning of the Democratic Transition and were mainly drafted by medical doctors committed to the illegal left-wing parties. All shared the aim of universal healthcare financed by the State and the goal of placing the protection of health at the core of the health system by integrating preventive medicine and healthcare. Some proposals encouraged the study of social determinants of health and disease and emphasised the role of health education. Others were more concerned with the re-organisation of healthcare through planning and decentralisation, retaining the hospital for the treatment of diseases as the main goal.

This paper analyses the discourses that addressed healthcare reform projects discussed in Spain during the 1970s, before the death of the dictator General Franco, and up to the declaration of healthcare as a right in the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The Spanish health system, which developed from the Compulsory Sickness Insurance launched in 1944, focused only on disease and made no provision for preventive activities. This shortcoming was one of the main aspects that required reform in the 1970s. We analyse the characteristics of the proposals to replace a treatment-centred health system with a new one based on a more holistic view and the defence of health. To contextualise these proposals, we review the development of the Francoist health system and regulations and plans that attempted to reform it before the death of Franco. The most interesting Spanish health system reform projects were written at the end of Francoism and the beginning of the Democratic Transition and were mainly drafted by medical doctors committed to the illegal left-wing parties. All shared the aim of universal healthcare financed by the State and the goal of placing the protection of health at the core of the health system by integrating preventive medicine and healthcare. Some proposals encouraged the study of social determinants of health and disease and emphasised the role of health education. Others were more concerned with the re-organisation of healthcare through planning and decentralisation, retaining the hospital for the treatment of diseases as the main goal.

This paper analyses the discourses that addressed healthcare reform projects discussed in Spain during the 1970s, before the death of the dictator General Franco, and up to the declaration of healthcare as a right in the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The Spanish health system, which developed from the Compulsory Sickness Insurance launched in 1944, focused only on disease and made no provision for preventive activities. This shortcoming was one of the main aspects that required reform in the 1970s. We analyse the characteristics of the proposals to replace a treatment-centred health system with a new one based on a more holistic view and the defence of health. To contextualise these proposals, we review the development of the Francoist health system and regulations and plans that attempted to reform it before the death of Franco. The most interesting Spanish health system reform projects were written at the end of Francoism and the beginning of the Democratic Transition and were mainly drafted by medical doctors committed to the illegal left-wing parties. All shared the aim of universal healthcare financed by the State and the goal of placing the protection of health at the core of the health system by integrating preventive medicine and healthcare. Some proposals encouraged the study of social determinants of health and disease and emphasised the role of health education. Others were more concerned with the re-organisation of healthcare through planning and decentralisation, retaining the hospital for the treatment of diseases as the main goal.

In this article, the constitution of the population of chronic mental patients is examined for the period 1885 to 1975 as well as its influence on the design of reform programmes in the crisis of the Franco-ist state. Then follows an assess ment of state reforms and regional policies with effect from 1980. Reference is made to the theoretical models utilised in this last period and to the tension and contradictions between professionals of bio-medical orientation and sectors sympathetic to community models sustained from the perspective of social psychiatry.

The aim of this article is to compare the development of health education in Italy and Spain from the point of view of the role played by medical anthropology in both countries. The context is provided by the changes in the concept of health education advocated by the UN technical agencies, especially the World Health Organization and Unesco, during the second half of the twentieth century. Despite their many similarities, Italy and Spain underwent different political evolutions over the last century. Therefore, it is interesting to compare both cases and the influence the social sciences had in health education initiatives. In order to assess the role of medical anthropology, the 1958 launch and the development of the Centro Sperimentale per l'Educazione Sanitaria (Perugia, Italy), which was at the forefront of health education in Europe until the 1990s, was reconstructed through oral sources. After a brief description of the scant initiatives regarding health education existing in the Spain of the dictatorship, the influence of the Perusine anthropologists on Spanish health education during the democratic transition is evaluated. ; El objetivo de este artículo es comparar el desarrollo de la educación sanitaria en Italia y España desde el punto de vista del papel jugado por la antropología médica en ambos países, en un contexto marcado por los cambios en el concepto de educación sanitaria que propugnaron los organismos técnicos de las Naciones Unidas, en especial la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Unesco, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. A pesar de sus similitudes como países, Italia y España tuvieron evoluciones políticas muy diferentes durante el siglo pasado, por tanto, es interesante comparar ambos casos y la influencia que tuvieron las ciencias sociales en las iniciativas de educación sanitaria. Para valorar el papel de la antropología médica, mediante el uso de fuentes orales, hemos reconstruido la puesta en marcha, en 1958, y el desarrollo del Centro Sperimentale per l'Educazione Sanitaria (Perugia, Italia), que estuvo en la vanguardia de la educación sanitaria en Europa hasta los años noventa. Tras una breve descripción de las escasas iniciativas sobre educación sanitaria en la España de la dictadura, evaluamos la influencia de los antropólogos perusinos en la educación para la salud española durante la transición democrática.